ABSTRACT Objective: Intrauterine environment can induce fetal metabolic programming that predisposes to adiposity-related chronic diseases in its lifespan. We examined the associations of parental nutritional status and gestational weight gain with offspring body composition in early adulthood. Materials and methods: This is cross-sectional analysis of female participants of the NutriHS who were submitted to questionnaires, clinical examinations and body composition assessed by DXA. Association of pre-conception parental BMI and maternal gestational weight gain (exposures) with body composition measurements (outcomes) were analyzed using multiple linear models adjusted for Directed Acyclic Graphs-based covariables (maternal and paternal educational level, maternal age, and tobacco, alcohol and/or drugs use). The sample included 124 women (median 28 (24-31) years) with a mean BMI of 25.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Results: No association between previous paternal BMI and offspring’s body composition was detected. In the fully adjusted linear regression model, maternal BMI was associated with offspring’s total lean mass (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (β = 0.11, p = 0.003) and fat mass index (FMI) (β = 0.03, p = 0.039). Gestational weight gain was associated with increased offspring’s BMI (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.20], p = 0.01). The linear regression model adjusted for maternal age and maternal and paternal education levels showed associations of gestational weight gain with offspring’s ASMI (β = 0.42, p = 0.046), FMI (β = 0.22, p = 0.005) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (β = 0.09, p = 0.035). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that preconception maternal BMI could influence lean mass and general adiposity of young adult female offspring and that gestational weight gain could be useful for predicting centrally distributed adiposity.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a public health emergency worldwide. Risk, severity and mortality of the disease have been associated with non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has caused great concern in countries with high prevalence of this morbidity, such as Brazil. This text shows the picture of diabetes in Brazil, followed by epidemiological data and explanatory hypothesis for the association between diabetes and covid-19. We emphasized how the burden of these two morbidities in a middleincome country has aggravated this pandemic scenario. The comprehension of this association and biological plausibility may help face this pandemic and future challenges.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a public health emergency worldwide. Risk, severity and mortality of the disease have been associated with non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has caused great concern in countries with high prevalence of this morbidity, such as Brazil. This text shows the picture of diabetes in Brazil, followed by epidemiological data and explanatory hypothesis for the association between diabetes and covid-19. We emphasized how the burden of these two morbidities in a middle-income country has aggravated this pandemic scenario. The comprehension of this association and biological plausibility may help face this pandemic and future challenges.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a public health emergency worldwide. Risk, severity and mortality of the disease have been associated with non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has caused great concern in countries with high prevalence of this morbidity, such as Brazil. This text shows the picture of diabetes in Brazil, followed by epidemiological data and explanatory hypothesis for the association between diabetes and covid-19. We emphasized how the burden of these two morbidities in a middle-income country has aggravated this pandemic scenario. The comprehension of this association and biological plausibility may help face this pandemic and future challenges.

RESUMO: Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. Métodos: Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. Conclusão: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. Methods: Logistic regression models were performed. Results: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. Conclusion: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases’ mortality during that period.

RESUMO: Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. Métodos: Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. Conclusão: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. Methods: Logistic regression models were performed. Results: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. Conclusion: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases’ mortality during that period.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of two lifestyle intervention programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention – traditional or interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention – in daily habits and cardiometabolic risk factors and investigate the role of the psychoeducational approach for the retention of individuals in the program. Subjects and methods Between 2008 and 2010, in a public health service, 183 pre-diabetic individuals were allocated to two 18-month interventions involving diet and physical activity. Physical activity, diet, quality of life (QOL) and depression and biochemical measurements were obtained. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of the interventions. A student t test was used to compare dropouts versus non-dropouts. Results Improvements in energy intake and physical activity were greater in the interdisciplinary than the traditional intervention. A decrease in fat mass and blood pressure was more pronounced with interdisciplinary intervention. Dropouts from the traditional intervention only had higher BMI and lower fiber intake and QOL than non-dropouts. Conclusion The interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention revealed useful for reducing cardiometabolic risk and retaining individuals with worse health profiles. This approach represents a feasible strategy for motivating high-risk individuals to adopt a long-term healthy lifestyle.

ABSTRACT Objectives Western dietary pattern predisposes to weight gain, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic diseases. Promoting satiety via modifications in diet composition could be useful to fight weight gain. Mediterranean diet which is recognized to be cardioprotective contains high fiber and unsaturated fat contents. We compared the effects of distinct breakfast patterns on satiety of individuals at cardiometabolic risk, and examined the correlation of satiety level after each breakfast intervention period with glucose parameters. Materials and methods In this 10-week cross-over clinical trial, 54 individuals with weight excess were submitted to 2 types of 4-week isocaloric breakfasts (2-week washout), one typically Brazilian and a modified one, differing concerning fiber and types of fatty acids contents. Clinical data were collected before and after each breakfast. A satiety scale was applied at fasting and 10, 30 and 120’ after breakfast consumption. Repeated measures ANOVA, Student t test or non-parametric correspondents were used; correlations were tested by Pearson or Spearman coefficients. Results Anthropometric variations after breakfasts were not significant. Only after the modified breakfast, reduction in blood pressure levels was observed. The satiety level did not show significant variation across each period or between the breakfasts. Non-significant correlation between satiety and glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values after each intervention period was observed. Conclusion We conclude that different breakfast compositions do not alter satiety level, which is not correlated to glucose parameters in overweight individuals. Stronger modifications of daily meals might be necessary to differentiate satiety levels under distinct dietary patterns.

There are numerous particles, enzymes, and mechanisms in the lipid metabolism that are involved in the genesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given its prevalence in populations and its impact on mortality, it is relevant to review the lipid metabolism as it may potentially provide subsidies to better prediction. This article reviews the importance of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and comments on the potential of novel lipid biomarkers involved in the physiopathology of CVD. The Framingham cohorts proved the role of traditional risk factors (physical inactivity, smoking, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, plasma glucose) in the prediction of cardiovascular events. However, a significant number of individuals that suffer from a cardiovascular event has few or none of these factors. Such finding indicates the need for new biomarkers able to identify plaques that are more susceptible to rupture. Some of bloodstream biomarkers related to lipid metabolism are modified LDL particles, apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), subtypes of LDL and HDL particles, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). These factors participate in the atherosclerotic process, and are abnormal in individuals at high risk, or in those who suffered from a cardiovascular event. Lp (a) determination is already employed in clinical practice and should be included as a reference parameter for CVD monitoring. Furthermore, there are expectations for wider use of apo B, non-HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol / HDL-C determination to improve cardiovascular risk assessment.

Contexto:Aterosclerose é doença multifatorial, cuja base fisiopatológica é um processo inflamatório. Estudos são controversos quanto ao papel dos biomarcadores como fatores de risco. A liberação de citoquinas durante aterogênese promove síntese hepática de proteína C-reativa (PCR), importante marcador inflamatório.Objetivo:Avaliamos se biomarcadores inflamatórios estavam associados à deterioração da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP), em população de risco cardiovascular.Métodos:Estudo populacional sobre prevalência de diabetes, em que 1.330 indivíduos com ≥30 anos foram submetidos a exames clínico-laboratoriais. Diagnóstico de DAOP foi feito pelo índice tornozelo-braço (ITB) ≤0,90. Após exclusões, 1.038 indivíduos foram analisados. Fatores de risco tradicionais, PCR e interleucina 6 (IL-6) foram comparados também segundo três categorias de ITB (≤0,70; 0,71-0,90; ≥0,90). Valores médios das variáveis foram comparados segundo presença de DAOP (teste t Student) e categorias do ITB (ANOVA). Utilizou-se modelo de Poisson e regressão logística para avaliar associações da DAOP e categorias do ITB com fatores de risco. Estimou-se coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson para relação entre os valores de PCR e IL-6.Resultados:A idade média foi 56,8±12,9 anos, 54% mulheres e prevalência de DAOP 21,0% (IC95% 18,4-24,1). Indivíduos com ITB ≤0,70 apresentaram maiores valores de PCR-us (2,1 vs. 1,8) e IL-6 (1,25 vs. 1,17. Apenas em portadores de DAOP, valores de PCR e IL-6 mostraram-se correlacionados (p=0,004).Conclusão:O achado de concentrações mais elevadas de PCR e IL-6 apenas em indivíduos com DAOP avançada pode sugerir um papel destes biomarcadores, indicando doença mais grave. Estudos prospectivos são necessários para testar esta hipótese.

Background:Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease with an inflammatory pathophysiological basis. Cytokines released during the atherosclerotic process induce production of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the liver, which is an important marker of inflammation.Objective:We tested whether inflammatory biomarkers were associated with deterioration of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) in a population at high cardiovascular risk.Methods:1,330 subjects ≥30 years of age underwent clinical and laboratory examinations as part of a population-based study of the prevalence of diabetes. PAOD was defined as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤0.90. After application of exclusion criteria, the sample comprised 1,038 subjects. Traditional risk factors, CRP and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were also compared across three ABI categories (≤0.70; 0.71-0.90; ≥0.90). Mean values for these variables were compared by presence/absence of DAOP (Student's t test) and by ABI categories (ANOVA). Poisson regression and logistic regression models were used to test for associations between risk factors and DAOP and between risk factors and the ABI categories. Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were calculated for the relationship between CRP and IL-6 levels.Results:Mean age was 56.8±12.9 years, 54% of the sample were women and the prevalence of DAOP was 21.0% (95%CI 18.4-24.1). Individuals with ABI ≤0.70 had higher concentrations of CRP-us (2.1 vs. 1.8) and of IL-6 (1.25 vs. 1.17). Concentrations of CRP and IL-6 were only correlated in patients with DAOP, (p=0.004).Conclusions:The finding that CRP and IL-6 levels were only elevated among people with advanced DAOP may suggest that these biomarkers have a role to play as indicators of more severe disease. Prospective studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

A microbiota intestinal, adquirida no período pós-natal, é composta por grande diversidade de bactérias que desempenham diferentes funções no hospedeiro humano, entre elas a absorção de nutrientes, proteção contra patógenos e modulação do sistema imune. O conteúdo bacteriano intestinal ainda não é totalmente conhecido, mas sabe-se que é influenciado por fatores internos e principalmente externos que modulam sua composição e função. Estudos indicam que a microbiota intestinal difere em indivíduos magros e obesos e ainda naqueles que mantêm hábitos alimentares diferentes. Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição de bactérias intestinais. Conhecimentos sobre a microbiota poderão reverter em diferentes estratégias para manipular as populações bacterianas e promover saúde. Esta revisão aborda a relevância do conhecimento sobre o papel de fatores ou padrões alimentares na composição da microbiota, assim como mecanismos fisiopatológicos de doenças metabólicas crônicas e as potencialidades de prebióticos e probióticos sobre o perfil de risco cardiometabólico.

The gut microbiota obtained after birth is composed of a large range of bacteria that play different roles in the human host, such as nutrient uptake, protection against pathogens and immune modulation. The intestinal bacterial content is not completely known, but it is influenced by internal, and mainly by external factors, which modulate its composition and function. Studies indicate that the gut microbiota differs in lean and obese individuals, and in individuals with different food habits. There is evidence that the relationship between diet, inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk are, in part, mediated by the composition of intestinal bacteria. Knowledge about the gut microbiota may result in different strategies to manipulate bacterial populations and promote health. This review discusses the relevance of understanding the role of dietary factors or patterns in the composition of the microbiota, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic metabolic diseases, and the potential of prebiotics and probiotics on the cardiometabolic risk profile.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre a doença arterial obstrutiva periférica e níveis elevados de proteína C-reativa em população nipo-brasileira de alto risco cardiovascular.MÉTODOS: estudo transversal derivado de estudo de base populacional sobre a prevalência de diabetes e doenças associadas em população nipo-brasileira. Mil trezentos e trinta indivíduos com idade >30 foram submetidos a exame clínico e laboratorial, incluindo a dosagem da proteína C-reativa ultrassensível. O diagnóstico da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica foi realizado através do cálculo do índice tornozelo-braço. Foram considerados portadores de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica os pacientes que apresentaram índice tornozelo-braço <0,9. Após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 1038 indivíduos completaram o estudo.RESULTADOS: a média de idade da população foi 56,8 anos, 46% pertencentes ao sexo masculino. A prevalência da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica foi 21%, sem diferença entre os sexos. A análise dos dados não mostrou associação entre doença arterial obstrutiva periférica e proteína C-reativa ultrassensível. Os pacientes com índice tornozelo-braço <0,70 apresentaram valores mais elevados de proteína C-reativa ultrassensível e o pior perfil cardiometabólico. Encontramos associação positiva e independente da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica com hipertensão arterial e tabagismo. .CONCLUSÃO: a associação encontrada entre valores baixos de índice tornozelo-braço e níveis elevados de proteína C-reativa ultrassensível pode sugerir uma relação de gravidade auxiliando mapeamento dos pacientes de maior risco.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between peripheral arterial disease and elevated levels of C-reactive protein in the Japanese-Brazilian population of high cardiovascular risk.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study derived from a population-based study on the prevalence of diabetes and associated diseases in the Japanese-Brazilian population. One thousand, three hundred and thirty individuals aged e" 30 underwent clinical and laboratory examination, including measurement of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein. The diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease was performed by calculating the ankle-brachial index. We considered with peripheral arterial disease patients who had ankle-brachial index d" 0.9. After applying the exclusion criteria, 1,038 subjects completed the study.RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 56.8 years; 46% were male. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease was 21%, with no difference between genders. Data analysis showed no association between peripheral arterial disease and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein. Patients with ankle-brachial index d" 0.70 showed higher values of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein and worse cardiometabolic profile. We found a positive independent association of peripheral arterial disease with hypertension and smoking.CONCLUSION: The association between low levels of ankle-brachial index and elevated levels of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein may suggest a relationship of gravity, aiding in the mapping of high-risk patients.

Fundamento: As patologias cardiovasculares são a maior causa de morbimortalidade nos países desenvolvidos e emergentes. Sua principal etiologia, a aterosclerose, é doença disseminada acometendo os territórios coronariano, cerebral e periférico. A doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP), além de suas consequências per se, sinaliza o acometimento do território coronariano. Portanto, seu melhor conhecimento permite tratamento adequado, retardando complicações locais e à distância, diminuindo o custo para o sistema de saúde. Objetivo: Este estudo estima a porcentagem de DAOP em nipo-brasileiros de Bauru (SP), reconhecidos pela alta prevalência de distúrbios metabólicos, como hipertensão arterial (43%), diabetes melito (33%) e hipercolesterolemia (60 %), e analisa a associação com biomarcadores de risco. Métodos: Este estudo transversal populacional avaliou 1.330 nipo-brasileiros de ambos os sexos com idade ≥ 30 anos que foram submetidos a exame físico completo, medidas antropométricas, exames laboratoriais e índice tornozelo-braço (ITB). Participantes com ITB ≤ 0,90 foram diagnosticados como portadores de DAOP. Após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 1.038 indivíduos integraram a análise. Empregou-se regressão de Poisson para análise das associações com DAOP. Resultados: A idade média foi 56,8 anos e a porcentagem de DAOP foi 21,1%, igual entre os sexos. DAOP associou-se com tabagismo (RP 2,16 [1,33-3,48]) e hipertensão arterial (RP 1,56 [1,12-2,22]). Conclusão: A porcentagem de DAOP nos nipo-brasileiros foi semelhante à de outras populações de perfil cardiometabólico desfavorável (US PARTNERS e POPADAD). A associação independente de DAOP com tabagismo e hipertensão, mas não com outros clássicos fatores de risco, pode depender das frequências muito elevadas dos distúrbios metabólicos nessa população.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and emerging countries. Their main etiology, atherosclerosis, is a disseminated disease that affects the coronary, cerebral and peripheral territories. The peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as well as its consequences, indicates the involvement of the coronary territory. Therefore, its better understanding enables proper treatment, delaying local and long-term complications, reducing the cost to the health system. Objective: This study estimates the percentage of PAD in Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru (SP), recognized by the high prevalence of metabolic disorders such as hypertension (43%), diabetes mellitus (33%) and hypercholesterolemia (60%), and examines the association with risk biomarkers. Methods: This cross-sectional population study evaluated 1,330 Japanese-Brazilians of both genders aged ≥ 30 who underwent a complete physical examination, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and ankle-brachial index (ABI). Participants with ABI ≤ 0.90 were diagnosed as having PAD. After applying the exclusion criteria, 1,038 individuals were part of the analysis. We used Poisson regression to analyze associations with PAD. Results: The mean age was 56.8 years and the percentage of PAD was 21.1%, equal among the genders. PAD was associated with smoking (PR 2.16 [1.33 to 3.48]) and hypertension (PR 1.56 [1.12-2.22]). Conclusion: The percentage of PAD in Japanese-Brazilians was similar to other populations of adverse cardiometabolic profile (US PARTNERS and POPADAD). The independent association of PAD with smoking and hypertension, but not with other classical risk factors, may depend on the very high frequencies of metabolic disorders in this population.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os grupos de alimentos convencionalmente empregados em atividades de orientação nutricional foram estabelecidos de acordo com o seu teor de macronutrientes. Entretanto, não contemplam as evidências científicas recentes da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. OBJETIVO: Elaborar uma proposta de agrupamento de alimentos para a investigação da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas, em Nipo-Brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Análise transversal dos dados da linha de base de um estudo de intervenção no estilo de vida conduzido entre Nipo-Brasileiros de Bauru, SP, entre 2005 e 2007. A avaliação do consumo alimentar deu-se por meio da análise de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas em 640 indivíduos, ambos os sexos, idade entre 30 e 88 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram propostos 18 novos grupos de alimentos considerando-se o teor e qualidade das gorduras e carboidratos, sódio e fibras CONCLUSÃO: Os novos grupos de alimentos incorporam evidências recentes da associação entre dieta e desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: The food groups conventionally applied in activities of nutritional counseling were established according to their macronutrient content. However, it does not consider recent scientific evidences of the association between food consumption and risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To propose food groups for the investigation of the association between food consumption and risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated diseases among Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a lifestyle intervention study conducted among Japanese-Brazilians of Bauru, SP, Brazil, from 2005 to 2007. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls of 640 participants, both genders, aged 30 to 88 years old. RESULTS: Eighteen new food groups were proposed according to their quantity and quality of fat, carbohydrates, sodium, and fiber. CONCLUSION: The new food groups incorporate recent evidences of the association between diet and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os grupos de alimentos convencionalmente empregados em atividades de orientação nutricional foram estabelecidos de acordo com o seu teor de macronutrientes. Entretanto, não contemplam as evidências científicas recentes da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. OBJETIVO: Elaborar uma proposta de agrupamento de alimentos para a investigação da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas, em Nipo-Brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Análise transversal dos dados da linha de base de um estudo de intervenção no estilo de vida conduzido entre Nipo-Brasileiros de Bauru, SP, entre 2005 e 2007. A avaliação do consumo alimentar deu-se por meio da análise de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas em 640 indivíduos, ambos os sexos, idade entre 30 e 88 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram propostos 18 novos grupos de alimentos considerando-se o teor e qualidade das gorduras e carboidratos, sódio e fibras CONCLUSÃO: Os novos grupos de alimentos incorporam evidências recentes da associação entre dieta e desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: The food groups conventionally applied in activities of nutritional counseling were established according to their macronutrient content. However, it does not consider recent scientific evidences of the association between food consumption and risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To propose food groups for the investigation of the association between food consumption and risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated diseases among Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a lifestyle intervention study conducted among Japanese-Brazilians of Bauru, SP, Brazil, from 2005 to 2007. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls of 640 participants, both genders, aged 30 to 88 years old. RESULTS: Eighteen new food groups were proposed according to their quantity and quality of fat, carbohydrates, sodium, and fiber. CONCLUSION: The new food groups incorporate recent evidences of the association between diet and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.